Purify Alcohol or Denatured Ethanol Using Distillation

Purify Alcohol or Denatured Ethanol Using Distillation Denatured alcohol is toxic to drink and may be unsuitable for some lab experiments or other purposes. If you need pure ethanol (CH3CH2OH), you can purify denatured, contaminated or impure alcohol using distillation.   Alcohol Distillation Materials Balance100-mL volumetric flask or graduated cylinderDistillation apparatus250-mL beaker (or another container to receive the distilled alcohol)Hotplate or another flameless heat source (to avoid igniting the ethanol)Boiling chips200-mL impure ethanol (e.g., 70% denatured alcohol) You can also  make  a distillation apparatus if you dont already have one or arent sure what one looks like. Alcohol Distillation Procedure Put on appropriate safety gear, including goggles, gloves and protective clothing.Weigh the volumetric flask or graduated cylinder and record the value. This will help you determine your yield if you care to calculate it.Add 100.00 mL of alcohol to the volumetric flask. Weigh the flask plus alcohol and record the value. Now, if you subtract the mass of the flask from this value, you will know the mass of your alcohol. The density of your alcohol is the mass per volume, which is the mass of the alcohol (the number you just obtained) divided by the volume (100.00 mL). You now know the density of the alcohol in g/mL.Pour the ethanol into the distillation vessel and add the remaining alcohol.Add a boiling chip or two to the flask.Assemble the distillation apparatus. The 250-mL beaker is your receiving vessel.Turn on the hotplate and heat the ethanol to a gentle boil. If you have a thermometer in the distillation apparatus, youll see the temperature climb and then stabilize when it reache s the temperature of the ethanol-water vapor. Once you reach it, do not allow the temperature to exceed the stable value. If the temperature starts to climb again, it means the ethanol is gone from the distillation vessel. At this point, you could add more of the impure alcohol, if it didnt all fit in the container at the start. Continue distillation until you have collected at least 100 mL in the receiving beaker.Allow the distillate (liquid you collected) to cool to room temperature.Transfer 100.00 mL of this liquid into the volumetric flask, weigh the flask plus alcohol, subtract the weight of the flask (from earlier), and record the mass of the alcohol. Divide the mass of the alcohol by 100 to get the density of your distillate in g/mL. You can compare this value against a table of values to estimate the purity of your alcohol. The density of pure ethanol around room temperature is 0.789 g/mL.If you want, you can run this liquid through another distillation to increase its purity. Keep in mind, some alcohol is lost during every distillation, so youll have a lower yield with the second distillation and even less final product if you do a third distillation. If you double or triple distill your alcohol, you can determine its density and estimate its purity using the same method outlined for the first disti llation. Notes About Alcohol Ethanol is sold in the pharmacy sections of stores as a disinfectant. It may be called ethyl alcohol, ethanol or ethyl rubbing alcohol. Another common type of alcohol used for rubbing alcohol is isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol. These alcohols have different properties (notably, isopropyl alcohol is toxic), so if it matters which one you need, be sure the desired alcohol is listed on the label. Hand sanitizer gels also often use ethanol and/or isopropanol. The label should list which type of alcohol is used under the active ingredients. Notes About Purity Distilling denatured alcohol will remove enough impurities for may lab applications. Further purification steps could include passing the alcohol over activated carbon. This would be especially helpful if the point of the distillation is to obtain drinkable ethanol. Be very careful distilling ethanol to drink using denatured alcohol as a source. If the denaturing agent was simply an additive intended to make the alcohol bitter, this purification might be fine, but if toxic substances were added to the alcohol, a lesser degree of contamination may remain in the distilled product. This is especially likely if the contaminant had a boiling point close to that of the ethanol. You can reduce contamination by discarding the first bit of ethanol that is collected and the last portion. It also helps to tightly control the temperature of the distillation. Just be aware: distilled alcohol is not suddenly pure! Even commercially produced ethanol still contains traces of other chemicals.

DQ Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

DQ - Assignment Example Q2. No, all businesses do not have the same functional areas. The functional areas in a business would depend on the size and need (Singla, 2009). With variation in size, larger organizations tend to have more and independent functional areas such as marketing and sales, production, customer service and human resources than their smaller counterparts. For example, Apple Inc., a technological firm, has information and technology department to undertake its ICT functions (Apple Inc., 2015). However, a small scale fisherman would not have such a functional area as the business does not need to leverage on information technology to execute its functions. Q3. At Apple Inc., functional areas are interdependent, with Design relying on Human Resources to attract the rightful personnel to undertake its mandate and Finance dependent on Sales to meet the financial obligations of the corporation among others (Apple Inc., 2015). Thus, for a consultant, there would be need to understand all the various functional areas of the organization before offering the needed services. This follows the argument by Srivastava and Verma (2012) that such a consultant would have to consider a problem from the perspective of the organization as a whole, factoring in the interest of all functional areas to reach a

Television Audiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Television Audiences - Essay Example Since their time, the growth of the media has overwhelmed the world, the influences of film now specters of life creating needs within the public that are not truly relevant to the existence of life. Moreover, television has deteriorated in such a way that the boundaries between reality and fantasy are crossed injecting viewers with the belief that what they see is not a reflection through a medium of art, but the viewing of reality, the open door through which other lives can be lived vicariously. Reality television, a deception of the television media on the public, has now accomplished the fears that most plagued Adorno and his contemporaries - culture is fully infected with capitalism and the commoditized ideologies about life is not fully material. In a letter to Walter Benjamin on 3 March 1936, Theodor Adorno stated that both high art and the industrially produced consumer art are infused and burdened with the stigma of capitalism and as well are reflective of change. Adorno st ated â€Å"Both are torn halves of an integral freedom, to which, however, they do not add up† (Adorno and Bernstein 2). ... The goal of human philosophical framework has traditionally been for humanity to reach a state of enlightenment, free of the untruths which burden mankind from reaching a state of mastery over the world. Through disenchantment of the universe, mankind asserts authority and utilizes knowledge over myth as a means to navigate life. However, according to Horkheimer, Adorno, and Noerr, enlightenment has been a calamity. In the search to be freed from enchantment, man has become apathetic towards life. Bacon, who put forth the concepts of experimental philosophy, saw the search for knowledge as an active element towards the search for mastery. In conquering knowledge of the natural world, human beings are looking for a way to master nature and to master other human beings The violence of shattering myths has been caused by thought that is powerful enough to break apart cultures and to destroy belief systems.(2). What is left after the disenchantment of the universe is the master on his th rone, bored and waiting for something to make his blood boil with excitement once again. Gratification through consumerism has replaced the mythologies that once drove humans to seek answers. The culture industry creates false needs, replacing the true needs of the human spirit. Bougeois cultural production obliterates the possibility of art in either popular or autonomous creation (Thomson 79). The human mind has become so inundated with exterior stimulation that most people have become complacent, the space in between reality from which innovation and creativity emanates filled up with the insertions of the commodity fetishism from which the value of human interaction becomes seated within the

Strategic HRM(Human Resource management) can be utilised as a Assignment

Strategic HRM(Human Resource management) can be utilised as a competitive advantage today - Assignment Example They must show how the role of HR can be maximized to make an organization successful. Strategic HRM is defined by its role in addressing two crucial needs in an organization- delivering strategic forecasts on the business by making it possible for the organization to source, evaluate and motivate employees in an increasingly dynamic business environment, and providing administrative services that are consistent, cost-effective and responsive to every department within the organization (Regis 2008, p.5). This depicts the evolution of the HR function where an employee has to go beyond the traditional job description. HRM should hence be involved in creation of business strategies because the function of employees is paramount within an organization; for this reason, HR professionals are referred to as strategic business partners. Strategic HRM is important since it facilitates reinforcement of an organizational culture, encourages commitment among employees and promotes a willingness among employees to act flexibly so as to bring about achievement of an organization’s goals that will in turn help it realize excellence. Alternatively, strategic HRM can be defined as all the activities that affect behavior of individuals within an organization, in their efforts to put together and implement its strategic needs. This entails creating a pattern within an organization, thus it is said to facilitate reinforcement of an organizational culture, where employees are informed and part of long-term strategic planning of attaining the organization’s goals and vision. The fundamental aim of strategic HRM is to create strategic capability in employees by ensuring they are skilled, committed and strongly motivated (Armstrong & Bacon 2003, pp.41-42). Strategic HRM is seen as being different across various organizations although certain themes stand out and these are summarized by the fact it imposes a cultural change defined by changes in attitudes, behaviours and values (Wright& McMahan 2011, p.94). Analysis of advantages realized by corporations that practice Strategic HRM for competitive advantage Gaining competitive advantage may either be by being a differentiator or a low-cost leader. It includes decisions, relationships, resources and capabilities that allow an organization to take advantage of opportunities in the market while avoiding threats to its desired position. A corporation that practices strategic HRM whether it is a low-cost leader or differentiator, is able to have continuous innovation, highly skilled and competent workforce making it possible to quickly and efficiently meet customer’s needs and preempt its customer’s moves. Breaking it down, two advantages that a corporation can attain as a result of instituting strategic HRM for competitive advantage include consolidating extensive technologies

Ismg 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ismg 2 - Essay Example In IT departments, today’s CIOs are at cross-roads (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 15). Globalization and digitalization, on the other hand, make technology more significant than ever. Hence, IT skills have become the competitive factor that every organization needs to penetrate in to the global market, as well as the human society. Latest technology, for instance social and cloud computing, also have unleashed the probability of decentralizing an enterprise (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 16). This has put IT along with its CIOs in a significant situation where they must to generate enhanced tactics so as to move with the global trends. CIOs who succumb to these challenges either quit their job or are eventually laid off. Barton could uncover his new staff by recognizing the talent of every member of his staff (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 26). Changing a business plan, as perceived, is easier than discovering talents. However, discovering and developing the talents of Barton’s staff members is the best option of attaining organizational goals. Barton could uncover his new staff by seeking for real diversity of talent among the workers (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 26). Staff member should be assigned quite diverse jobs in order for Barton to realize their competence. In a majority of cases, a good number of workers will do better than perceived in their new role (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 27). Also, Barton should seek to reward his staff whenever they do something appealing, and motivate them when things do not go as planned. Through this, every member of Barton’s staff will always perform to the fullest in line with his or her specialization. David says that Barton will last no more than any year since this has been the trend with a majority of CIOs in the IT field. Even though, David’s basis might be true, it shows how arrogant David is. CIOs face

Create a marketing plan for the next year from a case study Essay

Create a marketing plan for the next year from a case study - Essay Example Because of high sugar content, governors may remove status of 5-a-day from fruit juice and smoothies (Mintel, 2014).There are several governmental initiatives undertaken in order to reduce the amount of sugar people consume. However, until the 5-a-day guidance in relation to fresh juices and smoothies is not removed, the companies can use it as powerful marketing tool (displaying 5-day-logo on packaging) (Keynote, 2015). In 2014, Public Health England published a guidance on sugar consumption and policy â€Å"Sugar Reduction: Responding to the Challenge†. This publication addressed the problems of sugar consumption between 2008 and 2012, including fruit juice, and other food and drink items. This publication outlined some actions, including: launch of national-wide digital marketing campaign addressing the problems of sugar consumption; necessity to conduct analysis and evidence reviews on different subjects, including advertising of food and drink to children. Also, the PHE informed about a necessity to consider imposition of taxes on sugar-sweetened drinks (Keynote, 2015). GDP in the UK has shown year-on-year growth between 2010 and 2013. Taking into consideration uncertain economic conditions across the globe, the UK’s economy demonstrates stability and continuous recovery after financial crisis (Keynote, 2015). This trend positively impact consumer’s purchasing confidence. Since 2013 consumer confidence in the UK has continued its rising. Moreover, it is forecasted that consumer confidence will continuously grow during the next five year (Mintel, 2014). It means that consumers will have greater psychological freedom to buy more, including fruit juices, juice drinks, and smoothies. The purchasing behaviour of the UK population has changed towards more healthy foods and drinks. As people become more health conscious, they

Ismg 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ismg 2 - Essay Example In IT departments, today’s CIOs are at cross-roads (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 15). Globalization and digitalization, on the other hand, make technology more significant than ever. Hence, IT skills have become the competitive factor that every organization needs to penetrate in to the global market, as well as the human society. Latest technology, for instance social and cloud computing, also have unleashed the probability of decentralizing an enterprise (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 16). This has put IT along with its CIOs in a significant situation where they must to generate enhanced tactics so as to move with the global trends. CIOs who succumb to these challenges either quit their job or are eventually laid off. Barton could uncover his new staff by recognizing the talent of every member of his staff (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 26). Changing a business plan, as perceived, is easier than discovering talents. However, discovering and developing the talents of Barton’s staff members is the best option of attaining organizational goals. Barton could uncover his new staff by seeking for real diversity of talent among the workers (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 26). Staff member should be assigned quite diverse jobs in order for Barton to realize their competence. In a majority of cases, a good number of workers will do better than perceived in their new role (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 27). Also, Barton should seek to reward his staff whenever they do something appealing, and motivate them when things do not go as planned. Through this, every member of Barton’s staff will always perform to the fullest in line with his or her specialization. David says that Barton will last no more than any year since this has been the trend with a majority of CIOs in the IT field. Even though, David’s basis might be true, it shows how arrogant David is. CIOs face